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/T1_1 1 Tf
0 Tc 13.9 0 0 13.9 378.1647 260.16 Tm
(=)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 16.5232 0 0 25.4 387.5036 260.16 Tm
([I)Tj
0 Tc 25.4 0 0 25.4 401.3954 260.16 Tm
(_)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0.0036 Tc 8.4 0 0 8.4 411.2419 260.16 Tm
(R/O)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 2.405 0 Td
(-)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
-0.0204 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 441.9394 260.16 Tm
(sin)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 8.6934 0 0 14.2 455.7657 260.16 Tm
()Tj
0 Tc 11.3 0 0 11.3 452.6913 249.84 Tm
(+)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 8.8142 0 0 9.2 463.1587 249.84 Tm
(2a3)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
-0.0204 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 479.3794 249.84 Tm
(sin)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 4.4846 0 0 8.6 493.3664 249.84 Tm
()Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
7.7399 0 0 9.1 539.3356 249.84 Tm
(Po)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.025 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 337.4596 339.12 Tm
(Material)Tj
0.042 Tc 4.023 0 Td
(Properties)Tj
0.05 Tc 9.9302 0 0 9.9 336.9818 227.52 Tm
(Laboratory)Tj
0.0383 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 391.4509 227.52 Tm
(Determination)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0237 0 0 9.9 460.4602 227.52 Tm
(of)Tj
10.2055 0 0 9.9 471.5462 227.52 Tm
(the)Tj
9.9759 0 0 9.9 489.6004 227.52 Tm
(Hyperbolic)Tj
0.0439 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 337.0521 217.2 Tm
(Constants)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0407 Tc 8.4 0 0 8.4 303.4967 630.48 Tm
(\(1\))Tj
0.0081 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 346.4728 199.68 Tm
(Triaxial)Tj
0.0006 Tc 3.656 0 Td
(tests)Tj
0.0045 Tc 2.226 0 Td
(were)Tj
0.0205 Tc 2.367 0 Td
(conducted)Tj
-0.0046 Tc 4.7 0 Td
(on)Tj
0.0173 Tc 1.408 0 Td
(representative)Tj
0.0179 Tc 6.237 0 Td
(samples)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0162 0 0 9.6 579.9787 199.68 Tm
(of)Tj
0.0024 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 336.8194 189.36 Tm
(soil)Tj
0.0161 Tc 1.779 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.0064 Tc 1.083 0 Td
(various)Tj
0.0081 Tc 3.317 0 Td
(confining)Tj
0.0144 Tc 4.236 0 Td
(pressures)Tj
0.0003 Tc 4.171 0 Td
(to)Tj
0.0176 Tc 1.118 0 Td
(determine)Tj
0.0162 Tc 4.457 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0173 Tc 1.576 0 Td
(hyperbolic)Tj
0.0159 Tc -21.783 -1.1 Td
(constants)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 9.2528 0 0 9.5 377.8346 178.8 Tm
(K,)Tj
-0.0087 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 391.1452 178.8 Tm
(n,)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.009 Tc 1.22 0 Td
(and)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 9.5 0 0 9.5 421.5054 178.8 Tm
(R)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
6.8 0 0 6.8 426.6035 176.4 Tm
(I)Tj
0.459 0.353 Td
(.)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0317 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 435.9928 178.8 Tm
(The)Tj
0.0112 Tc 2.082 0 Td
(results)Tj
0.0128 Tc 3.175 0 Td
(were)Tj
0.0225 Tc 2.453 0 Td
(plotted)Tj
0.0204 Tc 3.364 0 Td
(on)Tj
0 Tc 1.499 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.0105 Tc 0.908 0 Td
(trans\255)Tj
0.004 Tc -23.834 -1.1 Td
(formed)Tj
0.009 Tc 3.251 0 Td
(axis)Tj
-0.0247 Tc 1.958 0 Td
(to)Tj
0.0224 Tc 1.069 0 Td
(get)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0 Tc 8.4 0 0 8.4 411.2492 168.24 Tm
(a)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.009 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 419.1773 168.24 Tm
(and)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0 Tc 8.7 0 0 8.7 436.2333 168.24 Tm
(b)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
-0.0109 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 443.9156 168.24 Tm
(in)Tj
0.0037 Tc 1.081 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0118 Tc 1.551 0 Td
(hyperbolic)Tj
0.0221 Tc 4.691 0 Td
(equation)Tj
0.0241 Tc 3.862 0 Td
(proposed)Tj
0.0096 Tc -22.375 -1.05 Td
(by)Tj
0.0132 Tc 1.494 0 Td
(Kondner)Tj
0.009 Tc 3.994 0 Td
(and)Tj
0.0209 Tc 1.907 0 Td
(Zelasko)Tj
0.0047 Tc 3.742 0 Td
(\(1963\),)Tj
-0.035 Tc 9.5888 0 0 9.6 476.5557 158.16 Tm
(in)Tj
0.0094 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 488.3817 158.16 Tm
(which)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 9.5223 0 0 8.2 516.7187 158.16 Tm
(\(al)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 533.9219 158.16 Tm
(-)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 9.5775 0 0 5.8 545.0836 158.16 Tm
(\(3\))Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 9.3 0 0 9.3 561.6847 158.16 Tm
(=)Tj
0.05 Tc 8.2797 0 0 8.1 571.4836 158.16 Tm
(E/\(a)Tj
0 Tc 11.8 0 0 11.8 337.483 148.08 Tm
(+)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 9.1232 0 0 9.6 348.0067 148.08 Tm
(bE\).)Tj
0.0151 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 366.4308 148.08 Tm
(Here)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 9.7 0 0 9.7 388.7318 148.08 Tm
(a)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0001 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 397.1156 148.08 Tm
(is)Tj
0.0037 Tc 1.031 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.012 Tc 1.576 0 Td
(reciprocal)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0162 0 0 9.6 465.2588 148.08 Tm
(of)Tj
0.0037 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 476.8519 148.08 Tm
(the)Tj
0.0064 Tc 1.619 0 Td
(initial)Tj
0.0229 Tc 2.731 0 Td
(tangent)Tj
0.0159 Tc 3.375 0 Td
(modulus,)Tj
0.0215 Tc -22.383 -1.075 Td
(and)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 1.828 0 Td
(b)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
-0.0249 Tc 0.874 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.0037 Tc 1.006 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0093 Tc 1.601 0 Td
(reciprocal)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0162 0 0 9.6 429.9788 137.76 Tm
(of)Tj
0.0037 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 441.5719 137.76 Tm
(the)Tj
0.0142 Tc 1.592 0 Td
(asymptotic)Tj
0.0106 Tc 4.908 0 Td
(value)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.2944 0 0 9.6 528.376 137.76 Tm
(of)Tj
0.0162 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 539.9718 137.76 Tm
(the)Tj
0.0266 Tc 1.543 0 Td
(deviator)Tj
0.0111 Tc -22.78 -1.075 Td
(stress)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 9.3409 0 0 8.4 362.4703 127.44 Tm
(\(al)Tj
0 Tc 8.4 0 0 8.4 379.6 127.44 Tm
(-)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 7.5637 0 0 5.8 391.1069 127.44 Tm
(\(3\)u,,,)Tj
0.0151 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 416.543 127.44 Tm
(obtained)Tj
-0.0035 Tc 4.033 0 Td
(when)Tj
0.0037 Tc 2.674 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0149 Tc 1.688 0 Td
(stress-strain)Tj
0.0253 Tc 5.379 0 Td
(curve)Tj
-0.0075 Tc 2.75 0 Td
(ap\255)Tj
0.0154 Tc -24.913 -1.05 Td
(proaches)Tj
0.0046 Tc 4.065 0 Td
(infinite)Tj
0.0052 Tc 3.319 0 Td
(strain.)Tj
0.0135 Tc 2.956 0 Td
(This)Tj
0.0106 Tc 2.257 0 Td
(value)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.2944 0 0 9.6 482.056 117.36 Tm
(of)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
9.5223 0 0 8.2 494.1587 117.36 Tm
(\(al)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 511.122 117.36 Tm
(-)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 9.3897 0 0 6.1 522.2875 117.36 Tm
(\(3\))Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
-0.0249 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 538.9557 117.36 Tm
(is)Tj
0.0182 Tc 1.057 0 Td
(related)Tj
0.0003 Tc 3.224 0 Td
(to)Tj
0.0037 Tc -25.4 -1.075 Td
(the)Tj
0.0176 Tc 1.643 0 Td
(compressive)Tj
0.0116 Tc 5.596 0 Td
(strength)Tj
0.0074 Tc 3.765 0 Td
([actual)Tj
0.0152 Tc 3.21 0 Td
(strength)Tj
0.0186 Tc 3.755 0 Td
(obtained)Tj
0.0126 Tc 3.974 0 Td
(from)Tj
0.0131 Tc 2.409 0 Td
(tests)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 15 0 0 15 335.8005 96.48 Tm
(=)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 9.3239 0 0 8.2 345.6037 96.48 Tm
(\(al)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 362.5619 96.48 Tm
(-)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 9.7207 0 0 8.7 373.5604 96.48 Tm
(\(3\)/l)Tj
-0.0154 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 396.727 96.48 Tm
(by)Tj
0 Tc 1.414 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.0104 Tc 0.849 0 Td
(factor)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 8.0385 0 0 9.1 445.087 96.48 Tm
(R/,)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0135 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 459.3361 96.48 Tm
(known)Tj
0.0041 Tc 3.192 0 Td
(as)Tj
0.0464 Tc 1.341 0 Td
("failure)Tj
0.0437 Tc 3.718 0 Td
(ratio,")Tj
0.0144 Tc 3.237 0 Td
(such)Tj
0.0184 Tc -24.313 -1.1 Td
(that)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 9.544 0 0 8.4 354.3067 85.92 Tm
(\(al)Tj
0 Tc 8.4 0 0 8.4 370.72 85.92 Tm
(-)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 9.8692 0 0 6.5 381.1576 85.92 Tm
(\(3\)/)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 8.5 0 0 8.5 399.2181 85.92 Tm
(=)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 10.9663 0 0 8.6 408.0858 85.92 Tm
(Rial)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 8.6 0 0 8.6 433.3581 85.92 Tm
(-)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 7.6088 0 0 5.8 443.9064 85.92 Tm
(\(3\)ull')Tj
0.0135 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 468.9122 85.92 Tm
(Knowing)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 9.5223 0 0 8.6 508.7987 85.92 Tm
(\(al)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 8.6 0 0 8.6 525.2781 85.92 Tm
(-)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 7.8215 0 0 5.8 535.8238 85.92 Tm
(\(3\)ul.)Tj
0.0215 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 557.8973 85.92 Tm
(and)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 9.747 0 0 8.4 575.5829 85.92 Tm
(\(al)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 6.5 0 0 6.5 336.9086 76.08 Tm
(-)Tj
0.05 Tc 8.8189 0 0 6.5 347.5792 76.08 Tm
(\(3\)/,)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
-0.0217 Tc 8.7 0 0 8.7 368.2777 76.08 Tm
(R/)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.017 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 379.3416 76.08 Tm
(can)Tj
-0.0084 Tc 1.811 0 Td
(be)Tj
0.0151 Tc 1.314 0 Td
(obtained)Tj
-0.0041 Tc 3.924 0 Td
(from)Tj
0.0181 Tc 2.338 0 Td
(preceding)Tj
0.0094 Tc 4.447 0 Td
(relation.)Tj
0.0317 Tc 3.768 0 Td
(The)Tj
0.0231 Tc 1.974 0 Td
(other)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0278 Tc 7.7 0 0 7.7 210.418 58.8 Tm
(JOURNAL)Tj
0.0434 Tc 5.168 0 Td
(OF)Tj
0.0232 Tc 1.775 0 Td
(GEOTECHNICAL)Tj
0.0042 Tc 8.432 0 Td
(AND)Tj
0.0183 Tc 2.508 0 Td
(GEOENVIRONMENTAL)Tj
0.0184 Tc 11.4 0 Td
(ENGINEERING)Tj
0 Tc 7.504 0 Td
(/)Tj
0.0323 Tc 0.579 0 Td
(SEPTEMBER)Tj
0.05 Tc 8.2864 0 0 8.1 550.2893 58.8 Tm
(1997/819)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0037 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 62.3719 778.8 Tm
(the)Tj
0.05 Tc 9.8463 0 0 9.4 77.9977 778.8 Tm
([Cl)Tj
0.0195 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 95.4961 778.8 Tm
(matrix)Tj
0.0188 Tc 3.115 0 Td
(\(constitutive)Tj
0.0191 Tc 5.56 0 Td
(matrix\))Tj
-0.0249 Tc 3.419 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.0104 Tc 1.034 0 Td
(updated)Tj
0.0074 Tc 3.589 0 Td
(for)Tj
0.0219 Tc 1.5 0 Td
(each)Tj
0.0074 Tc 2.227 0 Td
(incre\255)Tj
0.0358 Tc -23.919 -1.1 Td
(ment)Tj
0.0141 Tc 2.569 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.0162 Tc 1.281 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0148 Tc 1.717 0 Td
(analysis.)Tj
0.0317 Tc 4.102 0 Td
(The)Tj
0.0064 Tc 2.1 0 Td
(initial)Tj
0.014 Tc 2.869 0 Td
(stresses)Tj
0.0085 Tc 3.604 0 Td
(are)Tj
0.0155 Tc 1.702 0 Td
(input)Tj
0.0149 Tc 2.56 0 Td
(based)Tj
-0.0046 Tc 2.764 0 Td
(on)Tj
0.0162 Tc -25.268 -1.1 Td
(the)Tj
0.0242 Tc 1.667 0 Td
(assumed)Tj
0.0193 Tc 3.975 0 Td
(at-rest)Tj
0.0048 Tc 2.983 0 Td
(values.)Tj
-0.0183 Tc -7.58 -1.075 Td
(In)Tj
0 Tc 1.197 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.0254 Tc 0.821 0 Td
(similar)Tj
0.0317 Tc 3.237 0 Td
(manner)Tj
0.0041 Tc 3.492 0 Td
(as)Tj
0.0037 Tc 1.208 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0018 Tc 1.613 0 Td
(soil,)Tj
0.0155 Tc 2.081 0 Td
(interface)Tj
0.0127 Tc 3.935 0 Td
(properties)Tj
-0.004 Tc 4.463 0 Td
(are)Tj
0.009 Tc 1.525 0 Td
(also)Tj
0.0186 Tc -24.642 -1.075 Td
(treated)Tj
0.0041 Tc 3.142 0 Td
(as)Tj
0.0117 Tc 1.159 0 Td
(nonlinear,)Tj
0.0119 Tc 4.465 0 Td
(following)Tj
0.0037 Tc 4.334 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0118 Tc 1.526 0 Td
(hyperbolic)Tj
0.0145 Tc 4.675 0 Td
(relationship)Tj
-0.004 Tc 5.14 0 Td
(\(De\255)Tj
0.0081 Tc -24.427 -1.1 Td
(sai)Tj
0.0027 Tc 1.704 0 Td
(1974\).)Tj
0.0317 Tc 3.126 0 Td
(The)Tj
0.0201 Tc 2.123 0 Td
(assigning)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0162 0 0 9.6 171.4988 726.48 Tm
(of)Tj
0.0134 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 184.3017 726.48 Tm
(width)Tj
0.0003 Tc 2.849 0 Td
(to)Tj
0.0037 Tc 1.275 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0082 Tc 1.744 0 Td
(interface,)Tj
0.0149 Tc 4.306 0 Td
(together)Tj
0.0095 Tc -22.874 -1.1 Td
(with)Tj
0.0037 Tc 2.274 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0399 Tc 1.716 0 Td
(3D)Tj
0.0269 Tc 1.688 0 Td
(behavior)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0162 0 0 9.6 156.3788 715.92 Tm
(of)Tj
0.0037 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 168.6919 715.92 Tm
(the)Tj
0.0125 Tc 1.688 0 Td
(system,)Tj
0.0105 Tc 3.588 0 Td
(necessitates)Tj
0.0037 Tc 5.249 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0088 Tc 1.643 0 Td
(consid\255)Tj
0.0203 Tc -23.276 -1.1 Td
(eration)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.2944 0 0 9.6 94.216 705.36 Tm
(of)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.0012 Tc 9.2 0 0 9.2 106.533 705.36 Tm
(k.)Tj
0 Tc 5.5 0 0 5.5 113.4942 703.92 Tm
(2)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0136 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 120.3619 705.36 Tm
(\(the)Tj
0.0231 Tc 2.048 0 Td
(shear)Tj
0.0119 Tc 2.6 0 Td
(stiffness)Tj
0.0103 Tc 3.854 0 Td
(along)Tj
0.0162 Tc 2.683 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0057 Tc 1.676 0 Td
(width,)Tj
-0.0303 Tc 3.021 0 Td
(Le.,)Tj
-0.0088 Tc 1.928 0 Td
(the)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0375 Tc 8.9 0 0 8.9 306.437 705.36 Tm
(y\255)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0151 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 62.0644 694.8 Tm
(direction\).)Tj
-0.0183 Tc 4.777 0 Td
(In)Tj
0.0037 Tc 1.255 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0169 Tc 1.642 0 Td
(analysis)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 9.383 0 0 9.2 171.5725 694.8 Tm
(k')Tj
0 Tc 5.5 0 0 5.5 178.5342 693.6 Tm
(2)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0001 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 185.1956 694.8 Tm
(is)Tj
0.0098 Tc 1.081 0 Td
(taken)Tj
0.0041 Tc 2.617 0 Td
(as)Tj
0.0204 Tc 1.2 0 Td
(equal)Tj
0.0003 Tc 2.633 0 Td
(to)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.0174 Tc 9.1 0 0 9.1 268.6187 694.8 Tm
(k.)Tj
0 Tc 5.2 0 0 5.2 276.0701 693.84 Tm
(1)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0074 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 281.8889 694.8 Tm
(for)Tj
0.0064 Tc 1.576 0 Td
(con\255)Tj
0.0164 Tc -24.442 -1.075 Td
(venience,)Tj
0.0215 Tc 4.317 0 Td
(and)Tj
0.0162 Tc 1.833 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0147 Tc 1.601 0 Td
(normal)Tj
0.015 Tc 3.262 0 Td
(stiffness)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 204.1436 684.48 Tm
(k)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
6.2 0 0 6.2 208.5246 683.28 Tm
(n)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
-0.0249 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 214.7156 684.48 Tm
(is)Tj
0.0112 Tc 1 0 Td
(given)Tj
-0.0069 Tc 2.598 0 Td
(an)Tj
0.0082 Tc 1.275 0 Td
(absolute)Tj
0.0006 Tc 3.709 0 Td
(high)Tj
0.0169 Tc -24.476 -1.075 Td
(value)Tj
0.0003 Tc 2.725 0 Td
(to)Tj
0.023 Tc 1.304 0 Td
(prevent)Tj
0.0179 Tc 3.615 0 Td
(interpenetration)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0162 0 0 9.6 203.4188 674.16 Tm
(of)Tj
0.0043 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 216.2231 674.16 Tm
(nodes.)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 9.322 0 0 9.4 245.8143 674.16 Tm
(k.)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0 Tc 5.3 0 0 5.3 253.2537 672.96 Tm
(1)Tj
0.0001 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 260.0756 674.16 Tm
(is)Tj
0.0165 Tc 1.148 0 Td
(allowed)Tj
-0.0247 Tc 3.708 0 Td
(to)Tj
0.0098 Tc -25.475 -1.075 Td
(vary)Tj
0.0131 Tc 2.476 0 Td
(hyperbolically,)Tj
0.0214 Tc 6.867 0 Td
(depending)Tj
-0.0046 Tc 4.975 0 Td
(on)Tj
0.0037 Tc 1.632 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0061 Tc 1.863 0 Td
(stress)Tj
0.0135 Tc 2.854 0 Td
(condition,)Tj
-0.0209 Tc 4.75 0 Td
(as)Tj
0.0286 Tc -25.429 -1.1 Td
(shown)Tj
-0.0109 Tc 3.131 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.0037 Tc 1.181 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0181 Tc 1.616 0 Td
(following)Tj
0.0124 Tc 4.474 0 Td
(\(Desai)Tj
-0.0077 Tc 3.127 0 Td
(1974\):)Tj
0 Tc 16 0 0 16 131.3662 626.16 Tm
([)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 17.2329 0 0 16 174.3586 632.88 Tm
(R'T]2)Tj
-0.035 Tc 11.0854 0 0 17.1 242.8589 632.88 Tm
([an]")Tj
0.05 Tc 10.834 0 0 9.1 110.6083 630 Tm
(k,)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0 Tc 13.9 0 0 13.9 121.8447 630 Tm
(=)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
8.5 0 0 8.5 137.5222 630 Tm
[(I)-644(-)-3771(/)]TJ
/T1_3 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 8.2615 0 0 9.1 220.3865 630 Tm
(K'-yw)Tj
0 Tc 9.1 0 0 9.1 247.128 630 Tm
(-)Tj
6 0 0 6 114.8079 624.24 Tm
(\225)Tj
6.805 0 Td
(C)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
4.7 0 0 4.7 159.778 622.08 Tm
(a)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
10.8 0 0 10.8 166.8596 624.24 Tm
(+)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 8.534 0 0 17.1 177.06 624.24 Tm
(an)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
-0.0213 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 188.8519 624.24 Tm
(tan)Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.0911 0 0 9.6 203.7569 624.24 Tm
(/\))Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0 Tc 8.4 0 0 8.4 247.5717 624.24 Tm
(P)Tj
4.7 0 0 4.7 253.378 622.56 Tm
(a)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0219 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 71.9508 607.2 Tm
(During)Tj
0.0133 Tc 3.396 0 Td
(loading,)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0645 0 0 9.6 141.2715 607.2 Tm
(if)Tj
0 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 151.3373 607.2 Tm
(a)Tj
0.0024 Tc 0.871 0 Td
(soil)Tj
0.0266 Tc 1.904 0 Td
(element)Tj
-0.0249 Tc 3.727 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.012 Tc 1.072 0 Td
(found)Tj
-0.0247 Tc 2.834 0 Td
(to)Tj
-0.0081 Tc 1.191 0 Td
(fail)Tj
-0.0109 Tc 1.778 0 Td
(in)Tj
-0.0015 Tc 1.194 0 Td
(shear,)Tj
0.0037 Tc -23.888 -1.1 Td
(the)Tj
0.0244 Tc 1.563 0 Td
(same)Tj
-0.0249 Tc 2.431 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.0167 Tc 0.982 0 Td
(noted,)Tj
0.0163 Tc 2.877 0 Td
(but)Tj
0.0033 Tc 1.623 0 Td
(no)Tj
0.0212 Tc 1.292 0 Td
(changes)Tj
0.021 Tc 3.625 0 Td
(are)Tj
0.0131 Tc 1.525 0 Td
(effected,)Tj
0.009 Tc 3.85 0 Td
(and)Tj
0.0037 Tc 1.758 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0183 Tc 1.492 0 Td
(element)Tj
0.0001 Tc -22.998 -1.075 Td
(is)Tj
0.0207 Tc 0.998 0 Td
(allowed)Tj
-0.0247 Tc 3.658 0 Td
(to)Tj
0.0094 Tc 1.116 0 Td
(follow)Tj
0.0037 Tc 3.059 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0145 Tc 1.576 0 Td
(hyperbolic)Tj
0.0143 Tc 4.725 0 Td
(relation)Tj
-0.0209 Tc 3.466 0 Td
(as)Tj
0.0096 Tc 1.136 0 Td
(before,)Tj
-0.0109 Tc 3.19 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.008 Tc 1.056 0 Td
(keep\255)Tj
0.0071 Tc -23.981 -1.075 Td
(ing)Tj
0.0095 Tc 1.932 0 Td
(with)Tj
0.0162 Tc 2.424 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0194 Tc 1.876 0 Td
(nonlinear)Tj
0.0118 Tc 4.491 0 Td
(elastic)Tj
0.0139 Tc 3.2 0 Td
(formulation)Tj
0.05 Tc 9.738 0 0 9.6 248.3016 576 Tm
(of)Tj
0.0037 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 261.5719 576 Tm
(the)Tj
0.0077 Tc 1.804 0 Td
(problem.)Tj
0.014 Tc -22.581 -1.075 Td
(However,)Tj
0.0041 Tc 4.369 0 Td
(as)Tj
0.0182 Tc 1.184 0 Td
(regards)Tj
0.0037 Tc 3.399 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0208 Tc 1.542 0 Td
(elements)Tj
0.0101 Tc 4.033 0 Td
(that)Tj
-0.0081 Tc 1.841 0 Td
(fail)Tj
-0.0109 Tc 1.653 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.0059 Tc 1.106 0 Td
(tension,)Tj
-0.0088 Tc 3.525 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0161 Tc 1.513 0 Td
(same)Tj
0.0085 Tc -24.171 -1.075 Td
(are)Tj
0.0207 Tc 1.6 0 Td
(assigned)Tj
0 Tc 3.975 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.0098 Tc 0.808 0 Td
(very)Tj
0.0218 Tc 2.163 0 Td
(small)Tj
0.0106 Tc 2.637 0 Td
(value)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.2944 0 0 9.6 193.8159 555.36 Tm
(of)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0 Tc 9.1 0 0 9.1 204.8374 555.36 Tm
(E)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
-0.0051 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 214.4489 555.36 Tm
(for)Tj
0.0037 Tc 1.509 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0149 Tc 1.588 0 Td
(subsequent)Tj
0.0012 Tc 4.881 0 Td
(loads.)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 12.6741 0 0 9.3 61.5654 545.04 Tm
(If)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0248 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 71.9044 545.04 Tm
(during)Tj
0.0169 Tc 3.176 0 Td
(loading,)Tj
0.0037 Tc 3.806 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0155 Tc 1.669 0 Td
(interface)Tj
-0.0033 Tc 4.022 0 Td
(fails)Tj
-0.0109 Tc 2.178 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.0231 Tc 1.169 0 Td
(shear)Tj
0.0017 Tc 2.577 0 Td
(\(slip\),)Tj
0.0037 Tc 2.784 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0044 Tc 1.625 0 Td
(value)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0162 0 0 9.6 61.8188 534.48 Tm
(of)Tj
0.0293 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 74.0194 534.48 Tm
(shear)Tj
0.015 Tc 2.625 0 Td
(stiffness)Tj
-0.035 Tc 9.5888 0 0 9.6 136.7157 534.48 Tm
(in)Tj
0.0037 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 148.2919 534.48 Tm
(the)Tj
0.0266 Tc 1.642 0 Td
(element)Tj
-0.0249 Tc 3.727 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.0189 Tc 1.057 0 Td
(reduced)Tj
-0.0247 Tc 3.699 0 Td
(to)Tj
0 Tc 1.192 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.0031 Tc 0.846 0 Td
(small)Tj
-0.0019 Tc 2.612 0 Td
(value;)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0645 0 0 9.6 61.8315 523.92 Tm
(if)Tj
0.0161 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 71.7319 523.92 Tm
(tensile)Tj
0.0214 Tc 3.118 0 Td
(condition)Tj
0.0158 Tc 4.398 0 Td
(\(debonding\))Tj
0.0153 Tc 5.477 0 Td
(develops)Tj
0.0028 Tc 4.099 0 Td
(across)Tj
0.0037 Tc 2.933 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0093 Tc 1.644 0 Td
(interface)Tj
0.0213 Tc -22.727 -1.075 Td
(elements,)Tj
0.0192 Tc 4.487 0 Td
(both)Tj
0.0231 Tc 2.335 0 Td
(shear)Tj
0.0215 Tc 2.654 0 Td
(and)Tj
0.0147 Tc 1.959 0 Td
(normal)Tj
0.0105 Tc 3.387 0 Td
(stresses)Tj
0.0085 Tc 3.604 0 Td
(are)Tj
0.0136 Tc 1.675 0 Td
(assigned)Tj
0.0093 Tc 3.971 0 Td
(small)Tj
0.0131 Tc -24.038 -1.1 Td
(values,)Tj
-0.0209 Tc 3.292 0 Td
(as)Tj
0.0415 Tc 1.237 0 Td
(per)Tj
0.0162 Tc 1.696 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0104 Tc 1.653 0 Td
(usual)Tj
0.0179 Tc 2.576 0 Td
(practice)Tj
0.0113 Tc 3.637 0 Td
(followed)Tj
-0.0109 Tc 4.053 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.0031 Tc 1.156 0 Td
(this)Tj
0.0039 Tc 1.826 0 Td
(regard.)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0012 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 61.4443 481.92 Tm
(APPLICATION)Tj
0.0428 Tc 0.025 -1.673 Td
(Details)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.5806 0 0 9.9 97.0946 465.36 Tm
(of)Tj
10.0226 0 0 9.9 109.4598 465.36 Tm
(Laboratory)Tj
0.047 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 164.603 465.36 Tm
(Investigations)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0254 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 71.7122 448.56 Tm
(Model)Tj
0.0068 Tc 3.227 0 Td
(tests)Tj
0.0211 Tc 2.326 0 Td
(were)Tj
0.0236 Tc 2.467 0 Td
(conducted)Tj
-0.0046 Tc 4.775 0 Td
(on)Tj
0 Tc 1.474 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.0144 Tc 0.921 0 Td
(sand)Tj
0.0083 Tc 2.365 0 Td
(bed)Tj
0.0163 Tc 1.925 0 Td
(prepared)Tj
-0.0109 Tc 4.065 0 Td
(in)Tj
0 Tc 1.248 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.0274 Tc -25.842 -1.075 Td
(tank)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0162 0 0 9.6 82.4588 438.24 Tm
(of)Tj
0.023 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 93.7444 438.24 Tm
(dimensions)Tj
-0.0018 Tc 5.225 0 Td
(1.6)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 7.8 0 0 7.8 160.3097 438.24 Tm
(X)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
-0.0143 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 171.5025 438.24 Tm
(1.6)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 7.8 0 0 7.8 187.4297 438.24 Tm
(X)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0072 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 197.8959 438.24 Tm
(0.75)Tj
-0.0226 Tc 2.158 0 Td
(m,)Tj
0.0086 Tc 1.402 0 Td
(using)Tj
0 Tc 2.565 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.0053 Tc 0.796 0 Td
(steel)Tj
0.0031 Tc 2.203 0 Td
(footing)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.2944 0 0 9.6 61.576 427.92 Tm
(of)Tj
0.0258 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 73.8244 427.92 Tm
(dimensions)Tj
0.0345 Tc 5.254 0 Td
(200)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 7.8 0 0 7.8 144.4697 427.92 Tm
(X)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0345 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 155.6981 427.92 Tm
(200)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 7.8 0 0 7.8 175.9097 427.92 Tm
(X)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 9.4002 0 0 9.6 187.8295 427.92 Tm
(18)Tj
0.0254 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 201.0961 427.92 Tm
(mm)Tj
0.0182 Tc 2.04 0 Td
(\(Beena)Tj
-0.0014 Tc 3.402 0 Td
(1986;)Tj
-0.0043 Tc 2.683 0 Td
(Ayyar)Tj
0.0498 Tc 2.866 0 Td
(et)Tj
-0.017 Tc -25.55 -1.1 Td
(al.)Tj
0.0027 Tc 1.476 0 Td
(1988\).)Tj
0.0317 Tc 3.001 0 Td
(The)Tj
0.0108 Tc 2.019 0 Td
(soil)Tj
0.0145 Tc 1.864 0 Td
(used)Tj
0.0002 Tc 2.323 0 Td
(was)Tj
0.0129 Tc 1.952 0 Td
(uniformly)Tj
0.0141 Tc 4.516 0 Td
(graded)Tj
0.0126 Tc 3.169 0 Td
(sea)Tj
0.0046 Tc 1.65 0 Td
(sand,)Tj
0.0011 Tc 2.488 0 Td
(with)Tj
0.021 Tc -24.472 -1.075 Td
(properties)Tj
0 Tc 4.638 0 Td
(G)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
9.1 0 0 9.1 116.728 407.04 Tm
(=)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.011 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 126.4181 407.04 Tm
(2.72,)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 150.324 407.04 Tm
(D)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 4.9944 0 0 5.3 158.3144 405.36 Tm
(IO)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 9.1 0 0 9.1 167.368 407.04 Tm
(=)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0155 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 176.7759 407.04 Tm
(0.23)Tj
0.0002 Tc 2.258 0 Td
(mm,)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 7.7026 0 0 9.4 220.6443 407.04 Tm
(Co)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 9.1 0 0 9.1 233.608 407.04 Tm
(=)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
-0.0009 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 243.7425 407.04 Tm
(1.34,)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 6.306 0 0 8 267.0507 407.04 Tm
(em!n)Tj
0 Tc 9.1 0 0 9.1 284.248 407.04 Tm
(=)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0054 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 293.656 407.04 Tm
(0.51,)Tj
0.0215 Tc -24.2 -1.175 Td
(and)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 7.3161 0 0 8 79.3596 395.76 Tm
(em"")Tj
0 Tc 9.3 0 0 9.3 97.5247 395.76 Tm
(=)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0054 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 106.9359 395.76 Tm
(0.72.)Tj
0.0317 Tc -3.723 -0.975 Td
(The)Tj
0.0311 Tc 2.019 0 Td
(sand)Tj
0.0252 Tc 2.313 0 Td
(was)Tj
-0.0052 Tc 2.015 0 Td
(filled)Tj
-0.035 Tc 9.5888 0 0 9.6 156.6357 386.4 Tm
(in)Tj
0.011 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 167.9142 386.4 Tm
(layers)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0162 0 0 9.6 195.2588 386.4 Tm
(of)Tj
-0.035 Tc 9.4097 0 0 9.6 208.2359 386.4 Tm
(lOO-mm)Tj
0.0074 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 244.5319 386.4 Tm
(thickness)Tj
0.0133 Tc 4.191 0 Td
(\(except)Tj
0.0037 Tc -23.266 -1.1 Td
(the)Tj
0.0262 Tc 1.629 0 Td
(bottommost)Tj
0.0038 Tc 5.365 0 Td
(layer,)Tj
0.0094 Tc 2.682 0 Td
(which)Tj
0.0002 Tc 2.9 0 Td
(was)Tj
-0.0018 Tc 2.017 0 Td
(150)Tj
0.0087 Tc 1.833 0 Td
(mm\))Tj
-0.0247 Tc 2.3 0 Td
(to)Tj
0 Tc 1.117 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.0071 Tc 0.783 0 Td
(total)Tj
0.0097 Tc 2.168 0 Td
(depth)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0162 0 0 9.6 305.4188 375.84 Tm
(of)Tj
0.0373 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 61.0931 365.52 Tm
(750)Tj
0.0252 Tc 1.934 0 Td
(mm,)Tj
0.0233 Tc 2.267 0 Td
(compacting)Tj
0.0219 Tc 5.249 0 Td
(each)Tj
0.0173 Tc 2.277 0 Td
(layer)Tj
-0.0154 Tc 2.435 0 Td
(by)Tj
0 Tc 1.364 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.0151 Tc 0.774 0 Td
(falling-weight)Tj
0.0097 Tc 6.176 0 Td
(assembly)Tj
-0.0247 Tc -22.442 -1.1 Td
(to)Tj
0.0349 Tc 1.169 0 Td
(get)Tj
0 Tc 1.648 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.0189 Tc 0.834 0 Td
(relative)Tj
0.0163 Tc 3.492 0 Td
(density)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0162 0 0 9.6 162.6188 354.96 Tm
(of)Tj
0.0072 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 174.1359 354.96 Tm
(0.5.)Tj
0.0245 Tc -10.691 -1.075 Td
(After)Tj
0.0256 Tc 2.567 0 Td
(conducting)Tj
0 Tc 5.075 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.017 Tc 0.834 0 Td
(reference)Tj
0.0221 Tc 4.249 0 Td
(test)Tj
-0.0046 Tc 1.818 0 Td
(on)Tj
0.0132 Tc 1.41 0 Td
(unreinforced)Tj
0.0046 Tc 5.636 0 Td
(sand,)Tj
-0.0168 Tc 2.488 0 Td
(re\255)Tj
0.0206 Tc -25.132 -1.1 Td
(inforcements)Tj
0.0128 Tc 5.857 0 Td
(were)Tj
0.0159 Tc 2.393 0 Td
(introduced)Tj
0.0161 Tc 4.798 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.0137 Tc 1.1 0 Td
(appropriate)Tj
0.0102 Tc 5.052 0 Td
(levels,)Tj
-0.0209 Tc 3.023 0 Td
(as)Tj
0.0165 Tc 1.162 0 Td
(per)Tj
0.0162 Tc 1.621 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0198 Tc -25.012 -1.075 Td
(schematic)Tj
0.0223 Tc 4.55 0 Td
(shown)Tj
-0.0109 Tc 3.106 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.0114 Tc 1.129 0 Td
(Fig.)Tj
-0.035 Tc 8.9497 0 0 9.6 165.5254 323.76 Tm
(1.)Tj
0.0192 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 175.5928 323.76 Tm
(The)Tj
0.0161 Tc 1.932 0 Td
(reinforcing)Tj
0.0121 Tc 4.949 0 Td
(material)Tj
0.0145 Tc 3.702 0 Td
(used)Tj
-0.0123 Tc 2.223 0 Td
(was)Tj
0.0307 Tc -24.733 -1.075 Td
(coir)Tj
0.0164 Tc 1.983 0 Td
(rope)Tj
0.0307 Tc 2.197 0 Td
(4.3-mm)Tj
-0.0109 Tc 3.646 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.0201 Tc 1.149 0 Td
(diameter)Tj
0.0101 Tc 3.982 0 Td
(tied)Tj
0.0003 Tc 1.9 0 Td
(to)Tj
0.0179 Tc 1.129 0 Td
(bamboo)Tj
0.0071 Tc 3.66 0 Td
(strips)Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0162 0 0 9.6 274.2188 313.44 Tm
(of)Tj
0.0078 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 285.4594 313.44 Tm
(size)Tj
-0.035 Tc 9.5679 0 0 9.6 303.7237 313.44 Tm
(35)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 7.8 0 0 7.8 62.1497 303.12 Tm
(X)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
9.6 0 0 9.6 72.3422 303.12 Tm
(5)Tj
0.0252 Tc 0.837 0 Td
(mm,)Tj
0.0156 Tc 2.226 0 Td
(which)Tj
0.0185 Tc 2.862 0 Td
(served)Tj
-0.0209 Tc 3.004 0 Td
(as)Tj
0.0117 Tc 1.15 0 Td
(anchorages.)Tj
-0.0203 Tc 5.227 0 Td
(Two)Tj
0.013 Tc 2.098 0 Td
(additional)Tj
0.0129 Tc 4.411 0 Td
(bamboo)Tj
0.0171 Tc -23.015 -1.1 Td
(strips)Tj
0.0295 Tc 2.613 0 Td
(were)Tj
0.0206 Tc 2.378 0 Td
(placed)Tj
0.0178 Tc 3.1 0 Td
(between)Tj
0.0037 Tc 3.796 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0234 Tc 1.592 0 Td
(anchor)Tj
0.0121 Tc 3.146 0 Td
(strips)Tj
0.0198 Tc 2.563 0 Td
(near)Tj
0.0037 Tc 2.099 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0174 Tc 1.542 0 Td
(edges)Tj
0.0003 Tc 2.658 0 Td
(to)Tj
0.0216 Tc -25.5 -1.075 Td
(keep)Tj
-0.0088 Tc 2.4 0 Td
(the)Tj
0.0213 Tc 1.626 0 Td
(ropes)Tj
0.0185 Tc 2.662 0 Td
(straight)Tj
0.0161 Tc 3.504 0 Td
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